| Avellino eruption | |
|---|---|
Thousands of footprints in the surge ash deposit of the Avellino eruption testify to an en masse exodus from the devastated zone |
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| Volcano | Mount Vesuvius |
| Date | 2nd millennium B.C. |
| Type | Plinian |
| Location | Naples, Italy |
| VEI | 6 |
| Impact | Disturbed and preserved Bronze Age settlements in the area |
| Hut at the site of the village | |
The Avellino eruption of Mount Vesuvius refers to a Plinian-type eruption that occurred in the 2nd millennium BC and is estimated to have had a VEI of 6. It is the source of the Avellino Pumice (Italian: Pomici di Avellino) deposits named from the comune of Avellino in Campania where they have been found extensively.
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"Assessment of volcanological factors" in one scientific study reconstruct a minimum eruption time of 3 hours in which an initial explosion raised a column of 23 km (75,000 ft) and deposited about 0.32 km3 of white pumice ("the white pumice phase"), while a second, more intense explosion raised a column of 31 km (102,000 ft) depositing 1.25 km3 of grey pumice ("the grey pumice phase"). These pumices appearing in Apulian pottery can be used to establish relative chronology of pottery phases.[1]
A 2008 study of the lithofacies (deposits from the eruption) distinguishes three phases. Pyroclastic flows (PDC's) of Phases 1 and 2 were generated by "magmatic fragmentation" and had "small dispersal areas" mainly on the slopes of Vesuvius. Phase 3 was created by "phreatomagmatic fragmentation," in which clastic fragments are driven by superheated steam from ground water mixed with the other gases released from the magma. The authors characterize Phase 3 as "the most voluminous and widespread in the whole of Somma-Vesuvius' eruptive history." Some facies a few cm thick were found 25 km (16 mi) from the source.[2] The vent was 2 km (1.2 mi) west of today's center. About 50 cm (20 in) fell on Avellino.
The date of the Avellino Eruption remains to be determined with a precision greater than about 500 years within the framework of the Early/Middle Bronze Age. A range of 2000 BC — 1500 BC includes the great majority of estimates. Ample opportunity to obtain Carbon-14 dates from charcoal and soil buried under the deposits has existed and still exists. Sporadic Carbon dating continues, with each scientist claiming to have obtained "the latest." Consistency with previous and subsequent work remains elusive. Since a real and very precise calendar date of the eruption must have existed, variation in estimations can only be the result of limitations to the carbon-dating method, which, given a plenitude of reliably emplaced samples, can only produce a date within a window of roughly 500 years in a maximum elapsed time of roughly 4000 years or 1/8 (12.5%).
According to Giardino, estimations fall into two ranges: 1880-1680 BC and 1684-1535 BC. He prefers the earlier, tagging it as "the end of the Early Bronze Age."[3]
A study published in 1990 by Vogel and others suggested that the Avellino Eruption was responsible in part for the climatic disturbances of the 1620s BC. The latter were verified by "tree-ring series" and "ice-core layers." The authors had just obtained carbon dates of 3360±40 BP, or 1617-1703 calibrated BC. They were suggesting a coincidence of a number of eruptions, such as the Santorini explosion, that destroyed Minoan civilization.[4] The hypothesis remains unverifiable a generation later, due to the overall imprecision of the dates.
The eruption destroyed several Bronze Age settlements. The remarkably well-preserved remains of one were discovered in May 2001 at Croce del Papa near Nola by Italian archaeologists, with huts, pots, livestock and even the footprints of animals and people, as well as skeletons. The residents had hastily abandoned the village, leaving it to be buried under pumice and ash in much the same way that Pompeii was later preserved.[5][6]